Role of Apelin in Cardiovascular Disease-mini Review

INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular disease is classes of diseases or illness that mainly involves blood vessel which include veins, arteries and capillaries or the heart or the both. Etiology for the cardiovascular diseases is diverse but most common etiology is atherosclerosis and hypertension. Most common risk factors that contribute cardiovascular diseases are, Hypertension, Radiation therapy-reported in the journal of American college of cardiology-scientist from karolinska institute, Sweden, Smoking, lack of sleep, hyperlipidemia, Partner with Diabetes mellitus, drinking too much of alcohol,stress,Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, reduced lung function,age,sex,airpollution.In 2008 approximately 17.3, million people died from the cardiovascular diseases worldwide. Out of this 30% were registered as premature deaths and 7.3 million deaths are due to coronary heart disease. Ant platelet drug-aspirin, Anti-coagulants-warfarin, heparin,Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, beta blockers,Nitatrates-nitroglycerin, Calcium channel blockers,thrombolytics,blood cholesterol lowering agents.Non-invasive treatmentsmedications diet and exercise. Minimal invasive treatment-cardiac catheterization, valvuoplasty,endoluminal grafts, electrophysiological studies that is angioplasty and stenting,stent-grafting thrombolysis,embolization. Surgical procedures-coronary artery bypass grafts (CABG), transmyocardial revascularization (TMR), artificial and tissue valve surgery, trial and ventricular septal defeat repair, pacemaker implants, ventricular aneurysm repair, aortic-aneurysm repair, ICD treatment.Newer treatment for heart disease-bone marrow cells transplant helps refractory anginaApelin helps heart function after bone marrow transplant. APELIN Apelin is a novel bioactive peptide and the endogenous ligand for apelin receptor (APJ) it is an angiotensin-1-like receptor. It is synthesized as the 77 amino acid prepopeptide which is then processed in to 70 cterminal fragments and these are named based on their length of peptides namely apelin-36,apelin-19,apelin17,apelin-13. Apelin receptor (APJ) it is an G1 coupled transmembrane receptor.Apelin and Apelin receptor (APJ) these are widely distributed in the body and mainly expressed in the heart ,lungs, kidney, adipose tissue, retina ,mammary gland , gastro intestinal tract. Development in C-DNAanalysis has lead to the identification of the numerous G-protein -coupled receptor (GPCR) and to these G-proteincoupled receptor (GPCR) their natural ligands were not yet identified these are otherwise called “orphan receptors” and potential targets for drug discovery and a human gene has been identified which quietly resembles or homology to the gene coding to the angiotensin receptor and these Apelin is a novel bioactive peptide and the endogenous ligand for apelin receptor (APJ) it is an angiotensin-1-like receptor. Apelin and Apelin receptor (APJ) these are widely distributed in the body and mainly expressed in the heart ,lungs, kidney, adipose tissue, retina ,mammary gland , gastro intestinal tract. Several researches proved many research related to role of apelin in cardiovascular disease in human and animal model. Apelin is an novel drug target for cardiovascular disease and potential therapeutic implication for cardiovascular diseases. Targeting the apelin may bring the new therapeutic option for overcome all cardiovascular related problem in near future